Field Technician - A First Job in Archaeology

Field Technician - A First Job in Archeology A Field Technician, or Archeological Field Technician, is a passage level paying situation in prehistoric studies. A Field Technician performs archeological study and unearthing, under the management of a Principal Investigator, Field Supervisor, or Crew Chief. These occupations are known by a wide assortment of names, including Field Hand, Field Archeologist, Natural Resource Technician I, Archeologist/Technician, Field Technician, US Government 29023 Archeological Technician I, and Assistant Archeologist. Obligations An archeological field expert performs obligations related with person on foot studies just as hand unearthing (scoop testing, pail twist drill testing, 1x1 meter units, test channels) of archeological destinations. Field experts might be approached to take point by point field notes, draw sketch maps, unearth archeological highlights, sack curios, record provenience of the discovers, utilize a Munsell soil graph, take photos, use PC programming programs (Microsoftâ ® Word, Excel and Access are common), and consistently keep up customer privacy. Some measure of physical work is commonly required, for example, physically expelling brush or vegetation, and conveying and keeping up instruments and gear. Field professionals may need to explore with a compass and topographic guide, help run a complete station to make topographic maps, or learn advanced mapping with utilizing GPS/GIS. Occupation Type and Availability <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/NfiFZkGl7HYAqoR8G03BeDV6sqM=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Kansas_field-57c1ea7a5f9b5855e571c107.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/NCfdtva30ccWvyT4rIJATHpyJis=/850x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Kansas_field-57c1ea7a5f9b5855e571c107.jpg 850w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/MUyHuDYICjtMuXVtvaXUwP-B0b0=/1400x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Kansas_field-57c1ea7a5f9b5855e571c107.jpg 1400w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/jcYOH6wxzaUL4N_X_ZOPimH0YUo=/2500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Kansas_field-57c1ea7a5f9b5855e571c107.jpg 2500w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Q7HFLou5pk00q6weXsQsL4FTYJo=/2500x1668/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Kansas_field-57c1ea7a5f9b5855e571c107.jpg src=//:0 alt=Kansas Archeology Training Program Field School class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-8 information following container=true /> Kansas Archeology Training Program Field School. Imprint Reinstein/Corbis by means of Getty Image Passage level employments are generally momentary transitory positions; they dont for the most part accompany protection or advantages, in spite of the fact that there are special cases. Regularly, a field professional is employed by aâ firm that conducts archeological business related to social asset the executives (or legacy the board) in a wide range of states or nations. Those organizations keep up a rundown of field professionals and convey sees when undertakings are coming up: ventures which can keep going for a couple of days or years. The drawn out positions are uncommon; field specialists infrequently work all day and most are occasional representatives. Archeological ventures are led over the world, generally drove by social asset firms (or social asset arms of designing organizations), colleges, galleries, or legislative offices. The occupations are genuinely various, yet require the expert to go a long way from home and remain in the field for expanded timeframes. Instruction/Experience Level Required <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/QabS8XdfBr4H-R2Q2freO8rgbr4=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/equip_stack-56a01e363df78cafdaa032ca.JPG 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/alflE0JT7U9zDTsr96yv8zRDkd0=/545x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/equip_stack-56a01e363df78cafdaa032ca.JPG 545w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/_rBP2_EfUKrBsrVv7tOl1DRLPZw=/790x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/equip_stack-56a01e363df78cafdaa032ca.JPG 790w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/KQsrUZV7cswLsAmQP8c3l9Ql928=/1280x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/equip_stack-56a01e363df78cafdaa032ca.JPG 1280w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/4XwFrBR4fcrZlhAop4c02tCNDCg=/1280x960/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/equip_stack-56a01e363df78cafdaa032ca.JPG src=//:0 alt=This heap of unearthing hardware is sitting tight for the following field trip. class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-14 information following container=true /> This heap of removal gear is sitting tight for the following field trip. Kris Hirst (c) 2006 At the very least, field professionals need a Bachelors certificate in Anthropology, Archeology or a firmly related field, in addition to a half year or a years experience. Most firms anticipate that workers should have taken at any rate one expert field school or have had some earlier field study understanding. Every so often firms will take individuals who are as yet taking a shot at their unhitched males degrees. Involvement in ArcMap, ArcPad or different GIS equipment, for example, a Trimble unit is useful; a substantial drivers permit and great driving record is a genuinely standard necessity. Another profoundly esteemed resource is nature with social asset laws, for example, Section 106, NEPA, NHPA, FERC just as important state guidelines in the United States. There are additionally authority positions, for example, seaside or marine/oceanic tasks that may require SCUBA plunging experience. Field schools can be taken at a neighborhood college for educational cost and living costs; archeological and verifiable social orders infrequently run ventures to prepare planned field professionals. Invaluable Assets Field experts need a decent hard working attitude and a sprightly manner: archaic exploration is truly requesting and frequently repetitive, and an effective professional ought to be happy to learn, buckle down, and act autonomously. Verbal and composed relational abilities are among the most looked for after qualities for starting field professionals, especially the capacity to compose specialized reports. Participation in proficient social orders, for example, the Institute for Archeologists in the UK or the Register of Professional Archeologists (RPA) in the US, might be a prerequisite for business, and foundation or information in the way of life being examined (particularly for long undertakings) is an important resource. Having a significant number of these qualities may prompt advancements or full-time positions. Despite the fact that the Americans with Disabilities Act is in power for archeological occupations in the US and there are comparative laws in different nations, field professional occupations expect representatives to be in acceptable state of being, to have the option to work outside in factor climate conditions and on fluctuated territory. A few employments will require longer work weeks when conditions emerge; and overview ventures, specifically, require strolling significant distances (8â€16 kilometers or 5â€10 miles daily) under unfavorable conditions, including nasty climate and natural life experiences, conveying as much as 23 kilograms (50 pounds). Medication screening, historical verifications, and even physical wellness tests directed by the firm are getting normal. Regular Pay Rates In light of employment postings saw in January 2019, rates for a Field Technician differ between $US 14â€22 every hour and, in the United Kingdom,  £10â€15 every hour-be that as it may, barely any occupation postings in 2019 gave express pay information. Routine set of expenses covering lodgings and dinners is frequently given, contingent upon the task. In a measurable study directed in 2012, Doug Rocks-Macqueen (2014) detailed that rates for US-based field professionals ran between US$10â€25, with a normal of $14.09. Rocks-Macqueen, Doug 2014. Employments in American Archeology: Pay for CRM Archeologists. Archaeologies 10(3):281â€296 download the article for nothing from Dougs Archeology blog. Pluses and Minuses of the Traveling Life The life of a field professional isn't without remunerations, yet there are a few troubles included. In the event that particular tasks most recent a half year or more, it may not be viable for some field specialists to keep up a lasting location (aside from a relative or companion as a mail drop). Stowing furniture and different belongings in an unfilled loft for a half year or a year is costly and dangerous. Field specialists travel a considerable amount, which might be the absolute best motivation to put in several years as an archeological partner. Wages and accessibility of employments and lodging will differ from organization to organization, from burrow to burrow, regardless of whether broadly or universally. In numerous nations, field specialist positions are filled by nearby specialists, and getting recruited on those unearthings requires enough understanding to assume an administrative job. Where to Find Field Tech Jobs US R. Joe Brandons Shovel BumsJennifer Palmers Archeology Fieldwork.comINDEED: Archeological Field TechniciansGlassdoor.com: Archeological Field Technician Jobs Canada Jennifer Palmers Archeological Fieldwork: Canada UK English Archeological Jobs Resources (BAJR): EmploymentINDEED UK: Archeological Field Jobs Australia To be sure AU: Archeology Jobs

Summary of Chinns Four Ways of Knowing

Outline of Chinns Four Ways of Knowing Response to Chinns Four Ways of Knowing: Peggy L. Chinn, RN, PhD, FAAN is Professor of Nursing at the University of Connecticut. She earned her undergrad nursing degree from the University of Hawaii, and her Masters and PhD degrees from the University of Utah. She has wrote books and diary articles in the territories of nursing hypothesis, women's liberation and nursing, the craft of nursing, and nursing training. Her ongoing exploration has been centered around building up a strategy for stylish knowing in nursing, and characterizing the craft of nursing as a craftsmanship. Her book co-created with Maeona Kramer has recently been discharged in its fifth version, presently titled Theory and Nursing: An Integrated Approach to Knowledge Development. She is as of now changing Peace and Power: Building Communities for the Future. This book is utilized worldwide by womens gatherings and harmony dissident gatherings as a reason for bunch process, accord dynamic, and compromise. She has been prepared during the time spent interces sion at CDR Associates in Boulder, Colorado and gives initiative and counsel in helpful gathering forms. She is fellow benefactor with Elizabeth Berrey of the Women of Vision Project, leading workshops for ladies cooperating and encouraging systems among ladies making change. In her book â€Å"Theory and Nursing Integrated information development† Chinn has referenced four examples of realizing which are; Empirics, Ethics, Personal and Esthetics. Chinn and Kramer have characterized nursing craftsmanship as an unconstrained, in-the-second demonstration that requires intentional practice. As Ethics rises midway in endeavors to center nursing practice and research, there likewise are reestablished endeavors to address and comprehend morals at more fundamental levels in the control, to comprehend what nurses' identity is and on what esteems do they stand. Indeed, even inside this all encompassing worldview, in any case, the pressures between thoughts of the individual and the person in-connection stay uncertain. In nursing practice, these pressures happen in contending belief systems, standards, morals, qualities, and thoughts in research, hypothesis and practice. As a good and philosophical base, caring has esteemed the being and knowing more than the doing in nursing. Caring can be viewed as an ethical establishment and an end all by itself. As an expert ethic, caring must be a social promise to work with others in manners that are associated, connected with, and significant. Indeed, even inside this all encompassing worldview, in any case, the strains between thoughts of the individual and of the person in-connection stay uncertain. In nursing practice, these strains happen in contending belief systems, standards, morals, qualities, and thoughts in research, hypothesis, and practice. Through basic and explanatory reflection, medical attendants look at ontological and moral establishments as far as anyone is concerned and praxis. It extends and hones these establishments by driving medical caretakers to create and follow up on duties with regards to political or social plans just as to perceive that both their responsibilities and the motivation are built in and by an assortment of variable connections of information and force. Stylish experience matters in nursing in light of the fact that the two patients and medical attendants are partners in the circumstance. Encounters of ailment can possibly get lifted from standard life basically in light of the fact that such a great amount of is in question. The subtleties and subtleties of connections among patients and medical caretakers are noteworthy on the grounds that they are a piece of this experience of disease and this is the reason the profoundly drawn in position of caring issues. Without commitment, the medical caretaker is not, at this point a partner and nursing craftsmanship is unimaginable. Commitment is a precondition of understanding. Caring makes a world and that without care; the individual would be without ventures and concerns. Their view suggests that care is principal to significance and that importance comes to be based on some earlier structure of care. An individual might be viewed as established by their contribution and duties On the planet and without such commitment, one stays, in the profoundest sense, a remote chance of an individual. Likewise, the workmanship must be cherishing; that is, it must think about the topic whereupon expertise is worked out. A connected with, enthusiastic duty is a precondition for nursing workmanship and powerful intercession. In present day stylish hypothesis, in any case, there is significant discussion about whether there is a contrast among workmanship and craft.There is a principled distinction among craftsmanship and specialty and contends for the need of clarifying differentiations between them. Qualifications can be summed up by the accompanying: make results from capable utilization of strategy or method to deliver a pre-determined item from a crude material. In this manner, the endpoint of an art is envisioned before the techniques for accomplishing it are resolved, so the best approach is arranged from the earliest starting point. Making a decision about a work of art is in this way less a matter of understanding than a matter of fit among ancient rarity and biased models of specific specialty objects.Craft suggests obviously got objectives and strategies and this makes assessment direct. The consequences of craftsmanship, then again, can't be indicated before creation; and means and closures are not generally considered independently. The craftsman doesn't generally have the foggiest idea what to make, or the best approach; rather, finishes and means advance all the while. As indicated by this definition, workmanship is both progressively innovative and hard to assess. Chinn and Kramer have remarked that craftsmanship brings an individual into new domains and grows perceptual limits. On the off chance that the object of nursing workmanship is to change the lived understanding of wellbeing and ailment, as Chinn claims, this clarifies why craftsmanship is conceivably so significant for nursing. In addition to the fact that nurses need craftsmanship to grow their viewpoints on thinking about patients, however patients additionally need nursing workmanship to assist them with seeing the potential outcomes in their circumstance. A medical caretaker who is masterfully inventive may set new gauges for how things should be possible. Workmanship can change the ethos of what is viewed as acceptable practice and modify the originations of what nursing results should be. This implies the crowd for nursing craftsmanship will be not just patients and relatives, to whom medical attendants would like to show prospects so they may push ahead and change their fates, yet additionally different attendants, from whom medical caretakers learn and with whom they change practice. By keeping up a liquid receptiveness in nursing circumstances, it might be that attendants own encounters and that of their patients is broadened. One of the troubles in characterizing this part of nursing craftsmanship has been the imperceptibility of the workmanship object. The procedure of craftsmanship is noticeable enough in nursing. The instruments, strategies, and art like methodology can be portrayed, however the result of the workmanship is hard to indicate. Medical caretaker scholars are hesitant to recognize the patient as the object of nursing workmanship. It is in opposition to their philosophical custom to typify patients along these lines, nor would this recognizable proof be right.

WinningWriters.com Dedicated to Helping Writers Improve Their Craft

WinningWriters.com Dedicated to Helping Writers Improve Their Craft WinningWriters.com focuses on helping independent and freelance writers, and it provides information and advice to help writers of all levels. The wide range of topics the site addresses is truly impressive; topics range from writing advice to legal resources and every subject matter in between (including topics such as self-publishing resources, writing for social change, and spotting scam literary agents).If you sign up for their newsletter, you can get Winning Writers list of The Best Free Literary Contests delivered directly to your inbox. Editor Jendi Reiter sends messages with information, updates, deadline changes, rule changes, and insights about more than 200 free poetry and prose contests on the 15th of every month along with four quarterly special announcements. Any writer interested in pursuing contests (and potentially earning prize money) should sign up for this newsletter, because Jendi digests the pertinent information about each contests rules and summarizes them in easy-to-understand language. She also gives her perspective about what kind of piece will likely win the contest, which is valuable advice that can save you time and help you to custom tailor your submissions and increase your chances in the contest. The contests Ive discovered on there are for credible publications with really exciting themes. The other members of my monthly Writing Group were thrilled when I shared this information with them, because many of them spend vast amounts of time researching contests in addition to writing their entries, and they were simultaneously excited and relieved to discover that Jendi Reiter has done most of the legwork for them! This resource saves you from having to scroll through online search results searching for contests; the editors at Winning Writers have done all the research and investigating for you, so you can easily glance at the contests and see which ones spark your interest and match your writing style. If you are hesitant about g iving out your email address (although they promise they will not share your email address or information with outside companies), you can access past issues of the newsletter on the site, but you risk missing opportunities for contests with shorter lead times.Under Whats New, the site features an extensive and continually updated list of Writing and Poetry contests, and they include prize and deadline information along with external links to each contest website for more detailed information. Based on the high standards and ethics exhibited throughout the rest of the site, interested writers and poets can confidently submit to the contest and publications featured here.One of the aspects of Winning Writers that I found most impressive and informative is their list of contests and publications that writers should avoid because they are not reputable, are vanity publishers, or are money-making schemes that will charge you to publish your work and will not improve your resume or portf olio (and may even possibly tarnish your resume). Most writers are passionate about their work, and that passion sometimes translates into a desperate need to see our work in print, which can lead to bad decisions such as paying to publish something youve spent weeks crafting. In addition to the list of organizations/contests to avoid, the site provides details on why they recommend avoiding certain organizations or contests. That additional information is quite useful for understanding the darker sides of the writing industry and learning how to spot some of the companies that try to exploit writers. The list and the explanations are valid and genuine. The fact that Winning Writers dedicated the time and resources to compile this list made me feel that they care about writers and the integrity of the writing industry. Red flags that the site warns about include anthologies that require poets or writers to purchase a copy of the anthology to get published, contests or publications t hat require you to relinquish too many of your intellectual property rights (which may prevent you from shopping the piece around or publishing it somewhere legitimate), and contests that include high non-refundable entry fees along with a fine print clause reserving the right to cancel the contest if they do not receive enough entries. In addition to this list and informative explanation, there is an extensive list of additional topics and external resources that can help prevent writers from being exploited when trying to get published.The Resources section of Winning Writers is elaborate, with at least forty-eight subheadings to choose from within this section. For writers interested in learning more about reputable publishing houses that publish books, journals, and magazines, the Publishers section provides two pages of quality options. The recommended publishers are listed in alphabetical order, and each listing is followed by a brief synopsis that summarizes the publishers sp ecialty and/or niche and what kind of writers might be interested in submitting for publication with them, along with a hyperlink that will take you to the publishers website if you want to find out more. Out of the seventy-two publishing houses listed, I was only familiar with three, so once again, Winning Writers has done most of the legwork for you in vetting these smaller entities.In the Resources section under the Books heading and Essential Tools subheading, I came across Bruce Holland Rogers article Ten Tips for Psychological Survival in Writing, which should be required reading for all writers, aspiring writers, poets, and aspiring poets. While many of the items within the Resources section provide summaries and links to outside sites if you want to read the entire essay or piece, this piece is printed in full on the site, which suggests that perhaps the people at Winning Writers also believe that Rogers Ten Tips for Psychological Survival in Writing contains essential infor mation for any and all writers. I urge you to head to the site and read it, or you can pick up a copy of Bruce Holland Rogers book Word Work: Surviving and Thriving As a Writer, which this essay is excerpted from.The Winning Writers website doesnt just provide resources and information about where to submit your writing for prizes and publication; they also host four contests (with substantial prizes) of their own:The Tom Howard/Margaret Reid Poetry Contest, which accepts all styles and themes of poetryThe Tom Howard/John H. Reid Fiction Essay Contest, which accepts all styles and themes of both fiction and non-fictionThe North Street Book Prize, which accepts submissions of self-published booksWergle Flomp Humor Poetry Contest (no fee), which accepts submissions of humorous poems.The site includes detailed descriptions of previous prize winners, including excerpts of the winning work. This is beneficial both for the winning writers, because it gives them exposure and publicity in addition to their prizes, and for future submitters, because it provides ample information about what sort of entries the judges consider prize worthy.If you dont have time to dig through previous contest winners to glean tips about how to write a winning essay, Arthur Powers, one of the judges of the Tom Howard/John H. Reid Fiction Essay Contest, wrote an article that reveals what he looks for in an award-winning essay. He is mindful that writing is subjective and everyone has a unique style, so in his advice he mentions multiple times that he doesnt want to influence anyones essay. However, he provides solid, useful tips about how to craft an essay that speaks to a contest judge.If you are interested in learning more about the judging process for poetry submissions, Ellaraine Lockie, one of the judges of the Tom Howard/Margaret Reid Poetry Contest, provides an in-depth interview with Jendi Reiter, in which she describes what aspects she considers when judging entries for the poet ry contest.If you are the author of a self-published book, you should absolutely consult Jendi Reiter and Ellen LaFleches article explaining what they look for when judging submissions for the North Street Book Prize. Reiter and LaFleche go into exquisite detail about how they select their favorites for this contest. They even include recommendations of their favorite books in every genre, so writers interested in submitting can conceptualize what sort of stories resonate with them. This kind of information is invaluable when entering contests â€" especially when first prize is $3,000!Another benefit of the Winning Writers newsletter is Critique Corner, where an editor (usually Jendi Reiter, who is also the vice president, or Tracy Koretsky) critiques a poem submission and provides advice about how to improve the poem, along with ideas regarding possible submission outlets. Reiter provides insightful comments about the poems and frequently compares them to popular or well-known poem s of similar genres. She is a beautiful and skilled writer, and even when providing suggestions for how to improve the poems, she does so with grace and compassion, and you can tell that her suggestions for change are because she truly wants to help the poet make the poem the best that it can possibly be. Winning Writers is no longer adding new critiques to its Critique Corner, but the existing critiques will remain online indefinitely.In addition to having their own staff of editors and contest judges, Winning Writers combs through the Internet and finds valuable articles with pertinent information to share with their readers. The links to outside resources are rich with advice for writers. Creative nonfiction writer Megan Galbraith tackles a frequent source of writers block for many creative nonfiction writers in her article Thats Not How I Remember It: Creative Nonfiction and the Art of Dealing with Doubters.The WinningWriters.com website should be a bookmarked tab in any aspirin g or established writers web browser. The site is dedicated to helping writers improve their craft, and the articles, tips, and resources on the site will guide all writers and poets aspiring to improve their crafts, and it may help you to get published or win a contest along the way.

Life Of The 1980 S - 1167 Words

Cassie Toth Mrs. Weide American HIstory II 18 November 2016 Life in the 1980’s The 1980’s was a time of prosperity throughout America. From the Calendar that went from January 1st to December 31st to the increase of jobs. This decade was full of good changes socially, economically, and politically. The President of the United States during the 1980s was Ronald Reagan. The liberals were known as â€Å"Reagan Democrats†. The most significant event that happened under President Reagan was the Berlin wall being torn down. The wall being torn down was significant because of the end of communism. Reagan wanted to improve America. Movies expanded throughout the decade as well as cable such as MTV. Music videos also became popular. Many networks such as ESPN, Nickelodeon, and CNN became trendy. Madonna and Michael Jackson were major music stars. The VCR became a device people could turn to for recording shows. The people liked many of the social changes because of entertainment and technology advances. During Reagan’s presidency he took economics seriously. He made efforts to lower Government spending as well as regulation, taxes, and prosperity. He would lower government expenditure because it would create room to decrease taxation. By decreasing income revenue it create d more money for people to spend which would stimulate the economy. Reagan fought hard for helping out the economy.Show MoreRelatedWhat I Learned About My Life During The Decade Of The 1980 S1683 Words   |  7 Pagesthat I chose was my mom, Lora Phelps, as she lived through the late 1980’s between the ages of 18-20. I wanted to learn what my mom went through when she was the same age as me. During the decade of the 1980’s there was a few significant events that happened during that time period. In 1980, Ronald Reagan was elected president of the United States which was the beginning of a revolution (Reagan Revolution). All throughout the 1980’s Iran became a feared icon. Growing in power and planning to take controlRead MoreEssay on The Evolution of the 1960s and 1980s: Jimi Hendrix1091 Words   |  5 Pagessaid legendary American musician, singer, and songwriter Jimi Hendrix (â€Å"Jimi Hendrix Quote†). In the mid 1960’s Jimi Hendrix and many other musical artists extremely influenced this decade. In the 1980’s, there were also many influential musicians, singers, and songwriters that captivated the thoughts and movements of many people. Music influenced fashion and behavior in the 1960’s and 1980’s and these properties have been recognized throughout the years. Music went through an immense evolution in bothRead Moreâ€Å"Adolescent Behaviour Has Changed: Young People Are Not Like They Were in My Day!†1191 Words   |  5 Pagesthe change between childhood and adulthood. Different Teenage cultures and experiences are mainly influenced on time and generation, this stage of life circles around â€Å"identity†; you develop your morals and find yourself. As technology, socialisation and surrounds change or advance so does the way teenagers interact and live. In comparison to the 1980’s â€Å"young people were not like they were in my day†, there are multiple variations altho ugh the main concepts like roles and status, gender and sexualityRead MoreThe Decade Of The 1980 S1423 Words   |  6 Pagesof the 1980 s experienced a massive sorts of changes in economics and culture, this requires a certain analysis of the time and the way culture became intertwined with economics. The culture transformed and allowed the decade to be read as an experience of cultural products between culture and economy. Through the conspicuous consumption of the decade, the 1980s encouraged a cultural shift towards complete commodification (what is this) and interaction with the market. Ronald Reagan s presidencyRead MoreAmerica s Age Of Hope1541 Words   |  7 Pages1980-1989: America’s Age of Hope From where did the vigor of the 1980’s come? 1980 to 1989 was a period in the United States which spurred hope for the economy and in the spirits of the people. The 1980’s were a decade of the American people standing together in tragedy and rejoicing with each other in victory. In 1989, the fall of the Berlin Wall marked the end of the decade and an age of an oppression overseas. America cheered for the freedom of her brothers and sisters in Germany. One highlightRead MoreThe Theory Of The Political, Economic, And Social Equality1356 Words   |  6 Pagespolitical, economic, and social equality of the sexes (feminism def. 1). Both the 1980s and 1990s were filled with optimism and inspiration for women in the fight for equality. The Second wave feminism was a product of the civil right movement, as the women involved in it became disappointed with being seen as second class operators within the equality movement. These women are often refered to as the women s liberati on movement. Some of the major issues that broadened the debate for the secondRead MoreImpact Of Technology On Family Life902 Words   |  4 PagesFamily life has always been greatly affected by technology. From 1980 to present day the advancement in technology has changed how families interact with each other and how household duties are done. Many technological advances in 2017 have made peoples lives easier like streamable movies and television to robot cleaners but in the 1980s this technology was only seen in science fiction. Major technological changes have impacted family life from 1980 to 2017, especially in the areas of televisionRead MoreChanges That Shaped American Politics in the 70’s and 80’s765 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Politics in the 70’s and 80’s Loraine J Jackson Everest University Abstract For many individuals in the United States, the late 1970s were a troubled and disturbing time. The Watergate scandal, the Vietnam War, ambiguity in the Middle East and the economic crisis in the Nation had weakened the confidence of Americans in their government and in their fellow residents as well. Many Americans supported a new conservatism in social, economic and political life during the 1980s, distinguished by policiesRead MoreHip Hop And Rap Music1584 Words   |  7 Pagesin the 1980’s. The hip hop genre was born in the African American community and has since then changed into what it is today. What most individuals don’t know is that originally rap music did not contain such explicit themes as it does now; such as misogyny, drugs, crime, and violence among others. Many people may wonder what led to the introduction of such themes into rap music and why they remained popular. Crime and violence were introduced to rap music as a way to expose the unjust life in theRead MoreCognitive Therapy And The Treatment Of Depression796 Words   |  4 Pagesperspective which later was developed into a theory in the 1980’s. This theory expanded social workers’ worldview in that they improved their understanding of their clients’ psychological concerns, material needs, and economic and social conditions (Greene, Cohen, Galambos, Kropf, 2007). In the context of geriatric depression, social workers started to look beyond psychopathological and physiological explanations. Healthcare Trends. Throughout the 1970’s the government continued to promote mental health

The Danger Of A Single Story By Chimamanda Ngozi - 838 Words

In her TED Talk â€Å"The Danger of a Single Story†, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie shared her personal experiences on how the stereotypes that are presented in the literature towards people from other cultures would actually be misleading to the readers and have negative influence on their cross-cultural communication. The danger of a single story lies not so much in lacking of knowledge or understanding of people from other culture, but rather in people’s leaving no room and possibilities for themselves to accept the facts that are different from the stereotype they have in their mind about other people, and to communicate and build up connections with others as human equals. Chimamanda also talked about how telling a single story can be actually related to power relations between the storyteller and the protagonist of his/her stories as â€Å"power is the ability to tell the story of another person as if it is the definitive story of that person†. In Orientalism, the author also proposed the similar thoughts about the artificiality of power relation that â€Å"it is not an inert fact of nature. It is not merely there, just as the Occident itself is not just there either. †¦men make their own history, that what they can know is what they have made†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Said, 2003, p.4-p.5). This reminds me of the discussion about whether or not the stories of the people from the seemingly disadvantaged minority groups should be told in literature that some participants brought up after Kai’s facilitation. IShow MoreRelatedThe Danger Of A Single Story By Chimamanda Ngozi844 Words   |  4 Pages Just like in â€Å"the Danger of a Single Story† by Chimamanda Ngozi, people have a single story that helping the environment is about doing big changes in our lives, and the lives of others by donating money, participating in cleaning campaigns, or buying that super expensive electric car in order to avoid burning fossil fuels. Although is very true that most of what we heard of environmental protection usually comes through public media such as news, newspapers, internet, etc. that only showcase theRead MoreThe Danger Of A Single Story By Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie1473 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Danger of a Single Story† by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, demonstrates how stereotypes create a single story in people’s minds. She says these stereotypes are half truths because they are incomplete; therefore it keeps people away from the reality. She claims this is â€Å"the danger of a single story†, because it stops people to think of others are capable of co ntributing positively to society. Adichie’s lecture helps one to understand how these stereotypes impact people by creating a single storyRead MoreThe Danger Of A Single Story By Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie1381 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Danger of a Single Story† by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, demonstrates how stereotypes create a single story in people’s minds. She says these stereotypes are half truths because they are incomplete; therefore it keeps people away from the reality. She claims this is â€Å"the danger of a single story†, because it stops people to think of others are capable of contributing positively to society. Adichie’s lecture helps one to understand how these stereotypes impact people by creating a single storyRead MoreThe Danger Of A Single Story By Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie1332 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Danger of a Single Story† by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, demonstrates how stereotypes create a single story in peop le’s minds. She says these stereotypes are half truths because they are incomplete, therefore it keeps people away from the reality. She claims this is â€Å"the danger of a single story†, because it stops people to think of others are capable of contributing positively to society. Adichie’s lecture helps one to understand how these stereotypes impact people by creating a single storyRead MoreAnalysis Of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie The Dangers Of A Single Story 986 Words   |  4 PagesChimamanda Ngozi Adichie, in a TED Talks presentation titled â€Å"The Dangers of a Single Story†, introduces her concept of the single story as having an incomplete perspective on topics such as race, gender equality, and sexual identity that translate to how people perceive each other. People who suffer from a single story rely on their partial judgment to make decisions about others rather than to make decisions on what is factual. Being exposed to various literature is c rucial in avoiding the dangersRead MoreAnalysis Of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie s Ted Talk, The Danger Of A Single Story1237 Words   |  5 PagesChimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s inspiring TED talk, The Danger of a Single Story, proves how stories influence the way we perceive the world. She describes the single story as a narrative that surrounds only one perspective. The objective of her speech is to inform her audience that assuming something is true based on a single piece of information gives us incomplete and incorrect perceptions. Society is an accumulation of social stories, it is never just one thing. There are multiple, contingentRead MoreAnalysis Of Chimamanda Adichie s The Danger Of A Single Story1109 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Chimamanda Adichie is a novelist and a narrator who delivered a persuasive speech on what she calls; The Danger of a Single Story but in reality what it means is the danger of stereotyping. Dictionary.com defines Stereotype as â€Å"A generalization usually exaggerated or oversimplified and often offensive, that is used to describe or distinguish a group.† Adichie delivered her presentation on a very well-known website called Ted.com, with one objective in mind, to prevail upon everyoneRead MoreThe Danger Of A Single Story1158 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the novelist Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie in the article, â€Å"The Danger of a Single Story†, she proclaims that when there is just one single story of someone or something, it can be detrimental to said subject. It can be detrimental to a group of people, because that one single story can make great people seem horrible. Having one single story about a beautiful place can make it sound terrifying. 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She spoke about her life in Nigeria before she studied abroad in The United States of America and the dangers of knowing 1 side of the story this is also known as ‘Bias’. After watching Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Ted talk, I believe not everyone in Africa lives in poverty, stereotypes in Children s books cause unrealistic ideas of reality and the media fabricates news to generate views and labels

Foundations to Human Development Free Essays

Foundations of Human Development in the Social Environment Michelle Braig BSHS/325 March 18, 2013 Joyce Mink There are three foundations of human development. The foundations are the biological development, psychological development, and social development. The concept of human diversity and cultural competences demonstrates how different people can be. We will write a custom essay sample on Foundations to Human Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now General systems theory and social order are connected in some way. . There are several incidents or situations that can affect a person physically, mentally, socially, and emotionally. Some of the biological aspects include problematic pregnancy, fetal development and prenatal care. Problems can occur right at the time of conception. There are test that can be done to determine if a fetus can have a life altering conditions. There are many factors that can affect the developmental process. Having the knowledge of the developmental milestones can better help the human service professional with helping and understanding their client. There are guides to give the information needed for each milestone that a child should reach by a certain age (Zastro and Kirst-Ashman, 2010). Understanding the biological development will help a person to understand the physiological dimensions because they work together in understanding the human development. Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior. Personality, self-concept, emotion, and cognition are parts of the human psychological development (Zastro and Kirst-Ashman, 2010). They psycho-dynamic theory, Neo-Freudian psychoanalytic theory, phenomenological theory, and feminist theories are some of the theories that may help explain the way personalities are developed. These theories can help the human service professional understand why people are the way they are. These theories can be used as a guideline for getting the information needed for helping out a client. The base for building an adult social personality begins with the social interaction of a child. Socialization is when an individual learns about the environment around him or her. They will learn the language, behavior, customs, and rules. The individual will meet social standards so that he or she can do will in society. Socialization normally begins in childhood. A child’s family is usually where a child can learn most of their socialization skills. Social development is important for an individual to have a personality that is unique to that individual (Zastro and Kirst-Ashman, 2010). Human diversity means that everyone is different in some way. Age, sexual orientations, language, style, religion, physical abilities, height, communication, and gender are just some of the ways that an individual can be different from another. Human diversity is what makes one person different from another (Zastro and Kirst-Ashman, 2010). Cultural competence is where a person is able to adjust to different cultures over a period of time. As helpers we need to be able to help everyone respectfully and effectively. Culture is the integrated pattern of human behavior that includes actions, communications, thoughts, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of a racial, ethnic, religious, or social group. Culture can also include, race, ethnicity, national origin, and migration background; sex, gender, gender identity, or gender expression; sexual orientation and marital or partner status; age and socioeconomic class; religious and political belief or affiliation. People should understand that certain cultures have different ways of expressing themselves. In is considered rude to spit in public without covering your mouth in Japan. In some cultures burping out loud is a way to say that the food was good. It is important for a human service professional to learn about different cultures so that they will not offend their clients or coworkers. The general systems theory proposes to explain why there is an underlying intelligible general order in the world to which all matter relates and the existing social order is a subset of the general order (Dale, 2009). A systematic way of thinking helps to understand the individual by understanding the whole person. General systems theory affected the way we think by providing new vocabulary for all different types of people. The general systems theory is a group of ideas based on order and used in a similar way that science is used. The general systems theory is a way to find the understanding of a human as a whole by using the process of elimination to gain knowledge through order. The social order is a part of the way social services is handled today. The social order consists of nine aspects that go order of a hierarchy. These are a part of the general systems theory. The biological, psychological, and social developments are all normal milestones that happen with a person. Most are learned and developed as a child grows into an adult. All three developments work together to help create the individuals. All individuals are different in some way. It is important to understand cultural differences. The general systems theory and social order both work with some kind of order. Reference * Zastro, C. and Kirst-Ashman, K. 2010 Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment (8th ED. ) * Dale, Human Behavior and the Social Environment: Social Systems Theory (6th ED. ) * http://www. ntocc. org/Portals/0/PDF/Resources/CulturalCompetence. pdf How to cite Foundations to Human Development, Papers

Social Isolation of These Women Also Can Lead To the Development

Question: How India Are Socially Isolated Due To Cultural Factors? Answer: Introducation: Sexually transmitted disease (STD) are predominantly occurs due to the sexual contacts through vaginal, anal and oral route. Other than these sexual contacts, non-sexual contacts are also responsible for the occurrence of STDs. These non-sexual contacts include infected blood and tissues, breastfeeding and transmission form infected mother to child during childbirth. Biological organs responsible for the transmission of the STDs include penis, vulva, rectum, urinary tract, mouth, and eyes. Most widely used practices for the prevention of STDs include use of condoms and vaccination. Vaginal and penile discharge, ulcers on genitals, and pelvic pain are the most common signs and symptoms associated with STDs. STDs can also transmitted from mother to baby during birth and these children are more susceptible for the improper growth. Different agents are responsible of the occurrence of STDs and these include bacterial, viral and parasitic infections. Diseases like chlamydia, gonorrhea, an d syphilis occur due to bacteria, genital herpes, HIV/AIDS, and genital warts occur due to viruses and trichomoniasis occurs due to parasites (Beigi, 2010). Prevalence of STDs is more in low caste Indian women as compared to the other population in India. Low socioeconomic standard of living is the main reason responsible for occurrence of STDs in low caste Indian women because these class people are more susceptible for the infection as compared to the other population. It is evident that, STDs are more common in women as compared to the men. Hence, women in the low socioeconomic class in India are more susceptible for the STDs. Different social, financial and cultural factors are responsible for the occurrence of STDs in these women. These factors comprise of poverty, less education, unemployment, unhygienic condition, deficiency in healthcare services and lack of gender specific treatment. India is a population dense country and 35 % population of India is of low caste. Hence, this group is the largest group in the world affected by STDs. More attention should be given towards this population (Stanberry and Rosenthal, 2012; Murthy and Smith, 2010). Social determinants: Policies and recommendations can be implemented for the prevention and management of the STDs by considering social determinants of STDs. Social determinants also plays prominent role in the transmission and spread of STDs particularly in the women of low caste in India. Economics class, social status and educational level and employment status are the social determinants liable for STDs. Healthcare services, hygienic housing, social exclusion, food security and stigma are the other social determinants responsible for STDs in these women. Poverty is directly proportional to the occurrence of STDs. Poverty of these women lead to the less education of these women and less knowledge about relationship between hygienic condition and STDs. Hence, these women give less attention to the personal hygiene and become more prone to the STDs. Poverty also results in the less access to the healthcare facilities to these women. Women in poverty may also drag themselves in the sex business to earn money and livelihood to take care of their family. Multiple sex contacts are one of the most leading causes for the occurrence of STDs. These sex workers with low economic status are mostly unregistered sex workers. Most of the registered sex workers belong to the high socioeconomic class. It is evident that occurrence of STDs is more in unregistered sex workers as compared to the registered sex workers. Hence, social determinant also plays significant role in the occurrence of STDs (Sirotin et al., 2010). Social isolation of these women also can lead to the development of STDs in these women. Unmarried, widow and divorcees women in these population in India are socially isolated due to cultural factors. This social isolation drags these women in the psychological issues like risky behavior. This risky behavior may be sexual desire. This ultimately can result in the multiple partner sex and incidence of STDs (Shendre and Tiwari, 2002). Most of the women in this population are illiterate. Due to less education, these women are unaware of the causative factors and mode of transmission of STDs. These women are also unaware of the safe hygienic practices. These women are shy due to their social and cultural aspects. Hence, these women are unwilling to discuss about the safe sex and consequences of the unsafe sex. This lack of communication due to illiteracy may result in the more prevalence of STDs in these Indian women (Dean and Fenton, 2010). Family members of these women are mostly unemployed. Hence, these women have to face adverse social encounters. It can lead to unsafe sex and consequently STDs (Shendre and Tiwari, 2005). Being the socially backward and with poverty, these women have very less access to healthcare services including knowledge about policies and subsidies for the prevention and treatment of STDs. With this less knowledge, these women are unwilling to treat their STDs due to fear of high cost of treatment. There is no health equity for women of this population. Women of the high social class and men of the low income can get more access to the healthcare services as compared to the women of low income group. Women of this class mostly live in the rural areas and rural healthcare sector in India is not developed to provide healthcare services to all the disease conditions including STDs. Furthermore, healthcare professionals including doctors are reluctant to occupy position in the healthcare centers in the rural areas. Hence, it would be very difficult for these women to get necessary healthcare services at urban healthcare centers due to poverty (Satcher, 2010; Foege, 2010; Sharpe et a., 2010). There is scarcity of food for women of low caste. Hence, it becomes mandatory for these women for relocation to the other areas in search of food. This mobility can results in the transmission of the STDs. Men in this population are more susceptible for the addiction development. These men would not be in the physical and mental state to earn for the family. Hence, women need to work to earn food. This can lead to social victim of multiple partner sex. Women in the low caste live in the unhygienic areas. These women use unhygienic toilets, public toilets and open space for defecation. This can lead infection in these women. These women store their sanitary napkins and inner wears in the unhygienic places (Kesah et al., 2013). Stigma of the STDs among these women can lead to the hiding about this disease and as a result these women cant get proper treatment for STDs (Dean and Fenton, 2010). Potential stakeholders: Experts from the different professions need to be incorporated in addressing social determinants of STDs in these women. These professionals should be from social and health sciences. Role of Government is of prime importance for addressing these social determinants. There should be uniform policies by the Health department for all the classes of the people. Special emphasis should be given to the women of low caste. Government should give special subsidies for these women for treatment. Promotional campaign should be arranged to raise awareness of the STDs among these women. Government should conduct surveys to identify the problems responsible for the prevalence of STDs. After identification of the reasons behind occurrence of STDs, Government should set goals and make relevant policies to control these factors. Government should give special compensation for the healthcare professionals including doctors to work in the rural areas and areas with low socioeconomic class people. Gov ernment should make availability of all the facilities in the Government hospitals for the diagnosis and treatment of STDs (Goel, 2010). Government should collaborate with private hospitals for the treatment of STDs. Hospitals should arrange workshops and counseling sessions for the prevention of STDs. Maternity homes should maintain hygienic condition because in maternity homes there are more chances of infection to these women (Maynard-Tucker, 2014). Along with provision of the medical facilities, Government should also work for the improvement of the socioeconomic status of these women. Government should increase employment opportunities for family members of these women. By this, these families can become finically stable and it would be helpful in avoiding risky behavior like unsafe sex (Reed et al., 2010). Non-Government organizations (NGOs) should also play prominent role in STDs. NGOs should work as the connecting link between the Government and these women for the prevention of these diseases. NGOs should make aware these women about all the policies by the Government for STDs. NGOs should improve awareness in women about STDs. NGOs should work closely with Government for effective implementation of these policies. Social workers should arrange counseling sessions for the family members of these women to improve hygienic condition and to improve financial stability. Social workers should also give confidence for these women about the improvement in their condition. Social workers should work closely with hospitals and assist these women in availing all the healthcare policies and facilities. Family members of these women should give respectful treatment for these women and provide equality in availing healthcare services. Men members of these families should take complete responsibi ty of the financial aspects and should give emotional stability to these women. Family members should provide these women with hygienic house and facility with hygienic toilets. Emotional stability and moral support is of prime importance for these women with diagnosis of STDs. Family members can play prominent role in providing these aspects to these women. Society and community members should give respect to women with STDs and should not isolate them from the society. This would be helpful in avoiding psychological problems and preventing form the risky behaviors like multiple partner sex. Psychologist should also play important role in handling psychological problems in these women. Psychologist should provide counseling to these women to come out of the depression due to STDs (Murthy and Smith, 2010). Epidemiologist should conduct surveys about the prevalence of STDs among low caste women and provide data to the Government, hence Government can make appropriate policies for prevention of STDs. Epidemiologist and Government should keep confidentiality of the women with STDs. By this, these women would be ready to share their STDs and exact data of the STDs can be obtained. Panchayat in the rural area should provide hygienic water and should maintain cleanliness at the village level. This would be helpful in the prevention of STDs (Maynard-Tucker, 2014). Conclusion: STDs are more prevalent in the low caste Indian women Low caste Indian women is the largest population affected with STDs. Social determinants plays important role in the occurrence of STDs in these group of women. Social, financial, cultural and health related factors are responsible for the occurrence of STDs in this population. Illiteracy, unemployment, poverty, less access to healthcare facilities, poor standard of living and health inequity are the major factors for the incidence of STDs in these women. Stakeholders form the different discipline should be incorporated to address STDs in the women. These stakeholders include Government, NGOs, medical professionals, social workers, psychologist and epidemiologist. Integrated effort of all these stakeholders would definitely be helpful in improving condition of these women. References: Beigi, R.H. (2010). Sexually Transmitted Diseases, John Wiley Sons. Dean, H.D., and Fenton, K.A. (2010). Addressing Social Determinants of Health in the Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Tuberculosis. Public Health Reports, 125(4), 15. Foege, W.H. (2010). Social determinants of health and health-care solutions. Public Health Reports, 125(4), 810. Goel, S.L. (2001). Health Care System and Management. Deep and Deep Publications. Kesah, F.C., Payne, V.K., and Asakizi, A. (2013). Prevalence and etiology of sexually transmitted infections in a gynecologic unit of a developing country. Annals of Tropcal Medicine Public Health, 6(5), 526-531. Maynard-Tucker, G. (2014). Rural Women's Sexuality, Reproductive Health, and Illiteracy. Lexington Books. Murthy, P., and Smith, C.L. (2010). Women's Global Health and Human Rights. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Reed, E., Gupta, J., Biradavolu, M., Devireddy, V., and Blankenship, K.M. (2010). The context of economic insecurity and its relation to violence and risk factors for HIV among female sex workers in Andhra Pradesh, India.Public Health Reports, 125(4), 819. Satcher, D. (2010). Include a social determinants of health approach to reduce health inequities. Public Health Reports, 125(4), 67. Sharpe, T.T., McDavid, H.K., Dean, H.D. (2010). Summary of CDC consultation to address social determinants of health for prevention of disparities in HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis, sexually transmitted diseases, and tuberculosis. Public Health Reports, 125(4), 115. Shendre, M.C., and Tiwari, R.R. (2002). Social risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, 68, 25-7 Shende, M.C., and Tiwari, R.R. (2005). Role of occupation as a risk factor for sexually transmitted disease: A case control study. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 9(1), 35-37. Sirotin, N., Strathdee, S.A., Lozada, R., Nguyen, L., Gallardo, M., Vera, A., et al. (2012). A comparision of registered and unregistered female sex workers in Tijuana, Mexico.Public Health Reports, 125(4), 1019. Stanberry, L.R., and Rosenthal, S. L. (2012). Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Vaccines, Prevention, and Control. Academic Press.

Taoism And Confucianism Essays - Taoism, Reincarnation, Shabda

Taoism And Confucianism Taoism It is always present in you. You can use it anyway you want. -- Lao-tzu Taoism is one of the two great philosophical and religious traditions that originated in China. The other philosophy native to China is Confucianism. Both Taoism and Confucianism began at about the same time, around the sixth century B.C. China's third great religion, Buddhism, came to China from India around the second century of the common era. Together, these three faiths have shaped Chinese life and thought for nearly twenty-five hundred years. One dominant concept in Taoism and Buddhism is the belief in some form of reincarnation. The idea that life does not end when one dies is an integral part of these religions and the culture of the Chinese people. Although not accepted by our beliefs, its understanding helps build strength in our own religion. Reincarnation, life after death, beliefs are not standardized between the religions. Each religion has a different way of applying this concept to its beliefs. Ignorance of these beliefs is a sign of weakness in the mind. To truly und erstand ones own religion, one must also understand those concepts of the other religions of the world. Hopefully this will be enlightenment on the reincarnation concepts as they apply to Taoism and Buddhism. The goal in Taoism is to achieve Tao, to find the way. Tao is the ultimate reality, a presence that existed before the universe was formed and which continues to guide the world and everything in it. Tao is sometimes identified as the Mother, or the source of all things. That source is not a god or a Supreme Being as with Christians, for Taoism is not monotheistic. The focus is not to worship one god, but instead on coming into harmony with Tao. Tao is the essence of everything that is right, and complications exist only because people choose to complicate their own lives. Desire, ambition, fame, and selfishness are seen as hindrances to a harmonious life. It is only when one rids himself of all desires can Tao be achieved. By shunning every earthly distraction, the Taoist is a ble to concentrate on life itself. The longer the one's life, the closer to Tao one is presumed to have become. Eventually the hope is to become immortal, to achieve Tao, to have reached the deeper life. This is the afterlife for a Taoist -- to be in harmony with the universe. To understand the relationship between life and the Taoism concept of life and death, the origin of the word Tao must be understood. The Chinese character for Tao is a combination of two characters that represent the words head and foot. The character for foot represents a person's direction or path. The character for head represents a conscious choice. The character for head also suggests a beginning, and foot, an ending. Thus the character for Tao also conveys the continuing course of the universe, the circle of heaven and earth. Finally, the character for Tao represents the Taoist notion that the eternal Tao is both moving and unmoving. The head in the character means the beginning, the source of all things , or Tao itself, which never moves or changes; the foot is the movement on the path. Taoism upholds the belief in the survival of the spirit after death. To have attained the human form must be always a source of joy for the Taoist. It is truly a reason to rejoice because despite whatever is lost, life always endures. Taoists believe birth is not a beginning and death is not an end. There is an existence without limit. There is continuity without a starting point. Applying reincarnation theory to Taoism is the belief that the soul never dies, a person's soul is eternal. It is possible to see death in contrast to life; both are unreal and changing. One's soul does not leave the world into the unknown, for it can never go away. Therefore there is no fear to come with death. In the writings of The Tao Te Ching, Tao is described as having existed before heaven and earth. Tao is formless; it stands alone without change and reaches everywhere without harm.

Prisoners of War POW essays

Prisoners of War POW essays There was much significance in the events of the Prisoners of War during the time of the Vietnam War. The POW events affected the way in which war was conducted, the outcome and experience to soldiers, and Americas future as well. The events that took place with the POWs were an important aspect of the way war was looked at during the war in Vietnam. Prisoners of war, or otherwise known as POW, are members of the armed forces of an enemy country who have been captured in the event of wartime. In one of the stories in the book, Everything We Had, Admiral William Lawrence describes the events that took place for the duration of and after the time that he was captured while he was at war and held in Hanoi as a Prisoner of War during the Vietnam War. Lawrence was a pilot who was shot down while flying and then was captured by Vietnamese troops after landing nearby the Red River Delta. He was then taken to Hanoi, where he would stay along with the other POWs for the next 7 years of his life. When they all first arrived there, the POW were blindfolded and tied up, and if they talked they would get hit with the butt of a gun or beaten even worse. The prisoners were kept in extremely small cells, usually separated with people from the same country. The prisoners werent allowed to talk so Lawrence explained how they had developed a tap code in order to communicate with each other without letting the guards surrounding them know what was going on. Since the Vietnamese were always attempting to try and have a prisoner write a propaganda letter, or any other way of interrogation towards the prisoners, communication was a must and the prisoners were very intelligent in finding methods of transporting messages back and forth to each othe r without talking. The prisoners also got a radio played to them everyday which was about the USs involvement in the war. ...

European union law free movemenet of goods Case Study

European union law free movemenet of goods - Case Study Example c) Denmark has passed a law banning the use of plastic packaging and requiring the use of recyclable materials instead, such as paper or aluminium foil. SCP's Cheesy Snax have always been sold in plastic packs, and no other material is as effective in keeping them fresh. d) Ireland has passed a law requiring all food products to be guaranteed free from genetically modified (GM) produce. SCP goes to great lengths to ensure that it does not knowingly use GM products, but it knows that it cannot be absolutely sure that the ingredients it buys are totally free from contamination. 2. The case of Keck drew a distinction between rules relating to the goods themselves and rules relating to selling arrangements. Do you consider that this distinction is a useful or practical way of determining which rules are contrary to Article 28, EC Treaty 1. The questions and issues pertaining hereto relate to obstacles to internal trade in the European Community. As counsel I would approach each case by looking firstly into the municipal legislation and the existence of harmonisation and attempt the procedural removal of the related obstacles from that direction. Where no such harmonisation was made, the approach will be taken from the concept of mutual recognition under Article 30 of the Treaty of Rome. The obstacles herein are obviously not fiscal, so analysis of their natures will also be made whether the bases fall under the mandatory requirements1 or justified exceptional grounds (to Article 30) for prohibitions or restrictions or whether they do constitute arbitrary discrimination or disguised restriction on trade between Member States.2 Only when the proper evaluation of the factual and legal issues is made can the proper remedies be considered and taken in the proper fora. 1.a. France. In this particular case, the subject matter relates to food which is already subject to harmonisation and the French ban is made on the basis of a preservative SO2. Any relief can only be made pursuant to EU regulations on the matter of food safety, in this case Regulation (EC) No. 178/2002 which has a horizontal effect. Determination must be made whether the ban on SO2 containing foodstuffs was made based on risk analysis under Article 6 of the said regulation or as a precautionary measure pursuant to Article 7 thereof. The problem only stated that said ban was made after the publication of one scientific study suggesting carcinogenic tendencies in food products containing the said preservative despite the existence of contrary findings of many other scientific studies. In other words, the scientific study was not a risk assessment within the context of Regulation No. 178/2002. Furthermore, it was not a risk management measure and could not have taken into account the opinion of the European Food Safety Authority or the factors of proportionality and non-restrictiveness of trade under Article 7 of the said regulation. On such ground, I would advice SCP to pursue an initial claim in the French government for the suspension of the ban and the conduct of a proper and independent risk assessment based on all available scientific evidence on the matter. If denied, the proper claim may be made in the French Court of First Instance for the relief of the ban and an appeal in the Supreme Court if denied. If further denied, a

COmpare and Contrast Human RIghts Instruments in groups Essay

COmpare and Contrast Human RIghts Instruments in groups - Essay Example People across the globe can be categorized into different groups according to their needs. In order to uphold the rights of different recognizable groups, there are different instruments that are used. Thus, according to the United Nations (2006, p.3), the following human rights instruments are used to protect the rights of different groups: â€Å"Article 40 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 1966, Article 9 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, (ICERD), 1965, Article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), 1979, Article 19 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT), 1984, Article 44 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), 1989 and Article 73 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, (ICMW), 1990.â₠¬  In every nation, there are different political groups and they represent diverse views and interests. However, there is a tendency by dominant political groups to suppress other groups with diverse ideological view but this should not be the case since any person according to the United Nations has a right to join a political group of desire. In this regard, it can be seen that Article 40 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 1966 is the instrument used to protect the rights of people belonging to different political groups. Similarly, it can be seen that people across the whole globe belong to different races and it can be seen that they have a right to equal protection under international law. The instrument that can be applied is Article 9 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, (ICERD), 1965. In the same vein, it can be observed

Enzymes Catalysts In Biochemical Reactions Biology Essay

Enzymes Catalysts In Biochemical Reactions Biology Essay Introduction Enzymes are resourceful catalysts for biochemical reactions, like all catalysts enzymes tend to speed up reactions. Enzymes use alternative reaction pathway of lower activation energy. They take part in the reaction, and as a result their able to provide alternate pathways. Throughout the reaction enzymes remain unchanged because they cannot experience any permanent changes. Enzymes only have the ability to change the rate of the overall reaction; they cant affect the reactions position of the equilibrium (Rsc). In most cases a chemical catalyst will catalyze any sort of reaction, enzymes differ in this sort. Enzymes tend to be specific, and this is due to the shape of enzymes molecules (Rsc). Enzymes are made up of several proteins in a tertiary structure; these proteins tend to be globular. Many enzymes consist of a protein and a non-protein, called a cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are inorganic molecules that bind to enzymes to help them function examples maybe be zinc/magnesium ions (Zn2+, Mn2+), and coenzymes are organic molecules that bind to enzymes to help them function. An example of one of the most important coenzymes is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), this substrate acts as an electron carrier in cellular respiration (Nelson Biology 12). Enzymes consist of active sites, which are parts of the enzyme molecule that have the ideal shape and functional groups to bind to one of the reacting molecules. The reacting molecule that binds to the enzyme is called the substrate. An enzyme-catalyzed reaction takes a different direction than a reaction without catalyst. When the substrate binds to the enzyme a reaction intermediate is produced. This intermediate has lower activation energy than the reaction without the enzyme catalyst (Rsc). There are two kinds of enzyme reactions, catabolic and anabolic. In a catabolic reaction the interactions between the substrate and enzyme causes stress and distorts the bonds in the substrate, allowing bonds to break. In an anabolic reaction the enzyme allows two substrates to have proper orientation to allow bonds to form between them. As a result the activation energy is lowered in both the catabolic and anabolic reaction (Nelson Biology 12). Catalase is a common enzyme found in most plant and animal cells that functions as an oxidative catalyst, it decomposes hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. Its structure is made of 4 main polypeptide chains, which can each be over 500 amino acids long. Catalase optimum temperature can vary depending on the species; similarly the optimum pH also varies from approximately 4-11. In humans however the optimum pH for catalase tends to be neutral. One molecule of Catalase can break down 40 million molecules of hydrogen peroxide each second (Catalase). The overall reaction is: 2 H2O2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2 H2O + O2 Many factors such as temperature, pH, inhibition of enzyme activity, substrate and enzyme concentrations can influence the affect the enzyme has on the reaction. As the temperature rises, reacting molecules gain more kinetic energy, as a result the chances of a successful collision increase and thus the rate increases. There is a specific temperature when an enzymes catalytic activity is at its maximum. This optimal temperature is usually around human body temperature (37.5 oC) for the enzymes in human cells (Figure 1). When the temperature increases past the optimal temperature the enzyme becomes agitated, it begins to denature and ultimately lose its overall affect on the reaction (Nelson Biology 12). This occurs because the increase in temperature achieves higher kinetic energy and as a result the intra- and intermolecular bonds are broken in the enzyme molecule (Rsc). Each enzyme works within a fairly small range of pH levels. Similar to temperature there is a pH at which its activity is at its maximum, the optimal pH (Figure 2). This is because changes in pH can create and break intra- and intermolecular bonds, changing the shape of the enzyme and ultimately the rate at which it will react. The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction depends on the concentrations of enzyme and substrate. As the concentration of either is increased the rate of reaction increases (Figure 3). When substrate concentrations are increased the overall reactions proceeds to increase up to a certain point, at this point the active sites have become saturated by the substrate and there are no further significant changes in the rate of reaction (Figure 4) (Rsc). Some substances reduce or even stop the activity of enzymes in biochemical reactions. They do this by blocking or distorting active sites of enzymes. These substances are referred to as inhibitors. Inhibitors that occupy the active site and prevent a substrate molecule from binding to the enzyme are said to be competitive, as they compete with the substrate for the active site. Inhibitors that attach to other parts of the enzyme molecule, perhaps distorting its shape, are said to be non competitive (Nelson Biology 12). Figure 1: Table 1Analysis Amount of H2O2 (mL) Amount of Distilled Water (mL) Amount of pH Buffer (mL) pH Level Vertical Distance Travelled by Filter Paper Towards Meniscus Time taken by filter paper disc to move to meniscus (s) Upward velocity of Filter Paper Disc (cm/s) 10 mL 5 mL 7 (Control) 8.15 6.6 1.23 10 mL 5 mL 4 8.15 7.05 1.16 10 mL 5 mL 9 8.1 10.4 0.78 10 mL 5 mL 12 7.85 8.14 0.96 Figure 2: Graph 1 Test Tube Temperature ( °C) Distance (cm) Time (s) Rate of Reaction (cm/s) A 10.0 8.00 5.85 1.38 B 21.0 8.00 4.83 1.66 C 35.0 8.00 2.99 2.68 D 50.0 8.00 4.21 1.90 E 80.0 8.00 5.52 1.45 Figure 3: Table 2As the pH increased from 2-7 so did the velocity of the reaction (refer to figure 1: table 1). The reaction had an optimal pH of 7, and as the pH increased after the velocity of the reaction rapidly decreased. Notice the velocity for pH 12 is higher then the velocity of pH 9 (refer to figure 2: graph 1). Figure 4: Graph 2 As the temperature increased from 10oC-30oC so did the rate of the reaction (refer to figure 3: table 2). The reaction had an optimal temperature of 35oC, and as the temperature increased after the rate of the reaction began to rapidly decrease (refer to figure 4: graph 2). Enzyme concentration Distance (cm) Time (s) Rate of Change (cm/s) Other observations 100 % concentration 8 cm 3.02 s 2.65 cm/s bubbles appeared 80 % concentration 8 cm 5.06 s 1.58 cm/s fewer bubbles than previous composition 60 % concentration 8 cm 6.28 s 1.27 cm/s fewer bubbles than previous composition 40% concentration 8 cm 7.5 s 1.07 cm/s fewer bubbles than previous composition Figure 5: Table 320% concentration 8 cm 19.65 s 0.41 cm/s no bubbles appeared Figure 6: Graph 3 Figure 7: Table 4 Figure 6: Graph 3Increasing the concentration of the enzyme catalase (potato juice) rapidly increased enzyme activity (refer to figure 6: graph 3). Concentration of H202 of Distilled Water Trial Time of catalase to travel from the bottom of the test tube to the top (s) Distance of bottom of test tube to substrate(cm) Rate of change of the catalyzed reaction (cm/s) 15 mL of H202 3% 1 5.89 8.0 1.36 2 6.86 8.0 1.17 Total 6.38 8.0 1.27 13 mL of H202 2.6% 1 8.13 8.0 0.98 2 7.11 8.0 1.13 Total 7.62 8.0 1.01 10 mL of H202 2% 1 8.65 8.0 0.87 2 12.8 8.0 0.63 Total 10.73 8.0 0.75 7.5 mL of H202 1.5% 1 9.43 8.0 0.84 2 12.53 8.0 0.64 Total 10.98 8.0 0.74 5 mL of H202 1% 1 10.37 8.0 0.77 2 12.88 8.0 0.62 Total 12.63 8.0 0.70 Figure 9: Table 5 Figure 8: Graph 4Increasing concentrations of the substrate slowly increased from 1% to 2% (refer to figure 8: table 4), then as substrate concentrations increased more the rate of change became more rapid (refer to figure 9: graph 4). Experiment Number Amount of Inhibitor (copper (II) sulphate) (drops) Time taken by enzyme disc to float to top of test tube (s) Distance travelled by enzyme disc to top of test tube(cm) Rate of Change of Enzyme Activity(cm/s) 1 0 4.13 8.0 1.94 2 1 4.68 8.0 1.71 3 5 5.57 8.0 1.44 4 10 6.66 8.0 1.20 5 15 8.57 8.0 0.93 Figure 10: Graph 5 As the amount of copper (II) sulphate increases the overall reactions begins to slow down, and the rate of reaction decreases (refer to figure 10: graph 5). Evaluation Part One: Affects of pH Enzymes are very sensitive to changes in pH, and significant changes in pH can affect enzymes in numerous ways. The effects of pH on enzyme activity are due to changes in the ionic state of the amino acid deposits of the enzyme and the substrate molecules. These variations in charge will affect the binding of the enzyme and as a result, enzyme activity will increase or decrease. Over a tapered pH range these effects will be reversible however high acid levels often cause permanent denaturation of the enzyme (Users.rcn). Before conducting this experiment one can anticipate that pH levels too high or too low would cause the enzyme to denature and thus it would no longer have an affect on the overall reaction. In this experiment 5 pH levels were used 2, 4, 7(control), 9, and 12. When the buffer solution affected the pH levels of the H2O2 from 2 to 4 there was a slight increase in enzyme activity (from 0.47 m/s to 1.16 m/s). There was one control test tube contain ing H2O2 with a neutral pH of 7. This test tube conducted the highest velocity of 1.23 m/s. As a result the optimal pH for the H2O2 was at a neutral pH of 7. When the pH level of the H2O2 increased to 9 the velocity seemed to decrease, which illustrated the loss of the effect of the enzyme. However this trend did not seem to remain consistent because when the pH level was increased to 12 the velocity of the enzyme also increased. As a result, it can be stated that enzymes work best in the region of neutral pH levels, and when pH levels become too high or to low enzyme activity decreases thus the hypothesis proved to be partly correct. Part Two: Affects of Temperature The temperature of the H2O2 can severely affect the overall outcome of a reaction. Like most chemical reactions, enzyme-catalyzed reactions also increase in speed with an increase in temperature. As the temperature of the enzyme increases past a critical point thermal agitation begins to disrupt the protein structure resulting in the denaturation and loss of enzyme function (Nelson Biology 12). The hypothesis for this experiment was similar to that of pH, temperatures too high or too low would cause denaturation of the enzyme and thus it would no longer have an affect on the overall reaction. In this experiment 5 different temperatures were used 10oC, 21oC, 35oC (control), 50oC, and 80oC. When the temperature was decreased to 10oC the rate of the reaction was at it lowest of 1.38 m/s. At 21oC the rate slightly increased to 1.66 m/s. Thus there is a trend of lower temperatures causing the enzyme to lose its overall affect. There was one control test tu be containing H2O2 that was at room temperature which was 35oC. This test tube conducted the highest rate of reactions of 2.68 m/s. As a result the control test tube achieved the optimal temperature. When the temperature of the H2O2 began to increase from 50oC to 80oC there was a trend of the enzyme losing its affect, and having an overall lower rate of reaction. As the temperature increased before the optimal temperature the rate of the reaction increased, and when the temperature continued to increase past the optimal point there was a rapid decrease in the rate of the reaction thus it is evident the hypothesis was correct. Part Three: Affects of Changes in Concentrations The rates of enzyme-catalyzed reactions severely depend on the concentrations of enzymes and substrates. If one person is pushing a car it likely that car will take longer to get to and end point, however if 10 people are pushing that same car it will obviously get to the end point a lot quicker. It is the same with enzyme and substrate concentrations, the higher the concentrations the faster the reaction works. As the enzyme concentration increases so does the number of enzyme molecules, thus more substrate molecules can be acted upon at the same time which means they breakdown a lot faster. As the substrate concentrations increase, the reaction also proceeds to increase however with high levels of substrate concentrations the active sites become saturated and the enzyme no longer has an effect of the reaction (Worthington-biochem). The hypothesis for this experiment was simple, as enzyme and substrate concentrations increase so will the speed of the reactions. When changing the substrate concentrations, the five H2O2 concentrations where 3% (control), 2.6%, 2%, 1.5%, and 1%. The main trend in this experiment was the higher the concentration of the substrate the higher the rate of change. There was a significant and rapid increase in the rate of change from concentrations of 2% to 3%. When changing the enzyme concentrations, the five potato juice concentrations where 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Changing the concentration of the enzyme had a similar affect to when the substrate concentrations were changed. The more concentrated the enzyme was the higher the rate of the reaction. The rate of the reaction rapidly increased from 20% to 40%, however it became a bit constant from 40% to 80%, and from about 80% to 100% it began to promptly increase again. As a result, it is evident the hypothesis was correct as the concentrations increased so did the reactions. Part Four: Effect of the Inhibitors Inhibitors are used to block active sites of enzymes. They are substances used to slow down, or in some cases stop catalysis. Inhibitors either compete with a substance for the enzymes active site (competitive), or they bind to another site on the enzyme changing its shape (non-competitive) (Nelson Biology 12). Before conducting this experiment one can anticipate the more amount of inhibitor present the slower the reactions will proceed. In this experiment copper (II) sulphate was used as the inhibitor. In the five trials 0, 1, 5, 10, and 15 drops of the copper (II) sulphate were used. The obvious trend was the more inhibitor the lower the rate of reaction. Thus, the hypothesis was correct. Sources of Error Error #1: Consistency of Filter Paper When conducting each individual experiment for many groups it seemed the most difficult task was getting the filter paper to arrive at the bottom of the test tube. When the filter paper was placed in the test tube it would go about half way down the test tube, however because the reaction catalyzed quickly the filter paper would begin to rise and travel back up to the top of the hydrogen peroxide liquid. As a result you would have to perform the experiment again, with a new catalyzed filter paper. This became a source of error because it made it difficult to collect consistent data. For every test tube, and trial the filter paper did not reach the bottom of the test tube at the exact same time. In some cases it would reach the bottom without difficulty, and in other situations it became a constant struggle to push it down the test tube. During certain trials the experiment had to be performed again and the hydrogen peroxide had already lost its affect from the previous catalyzed reac tion. As a result, it is evident that the consistency and rate at which the filter paper travelled down the test tube is a significant source of error. To improve this source of error, heavier and more durable filter paper should be used. One can purchase wet strength filter paper which will make its way down the test tube on its own without any human force. Error # 2: Accuracy of Inhibitor During this experiment it became difficult to get exactly 15 mL of hydrogen peroxide after the inhibitor has been added. Copper (II) Sulphate is a severely small solvent so when added to the hydrogen peroxide one cannot control the amount of liquid present. This occurs because before adding the copper (II) sulphate it is uncertain how much hydrogen peroxide needs to be reduced in order to have exactly 15 mL. This creates a source of error because now the data collected is inconsistent because of the different volumes of hydrogen peroxide. To prevent this source of error one can use a different inhibitor that will dissolve in the hydrogen peroxide and not change its volume. Error # 3: Catalase in Potatoes During the experiment potato juice was constantly being pumped and used as the enzyme to catalyze the reactions. However it was not considered that each potato is harvested in a different way and one potato may have several nutrients, while the other may be completely dead. This results in the difference of concentrations of catalase that was taken from each specific potato. Once again this source of error causes a inconsistency in the collection of data because one cannot be certain they used the same potato, that pumped a constant concentration of catalase throughout the whole experiment. For the purpose of this experiment if only one potato was ground and made into potato juice then catalase concentrations would be consistent and it would eliminate this source of error. Next Steps A similar experiment that could be performed is Saturation Points of Substrate Concentrations. In the current lab saturation was not tested when changing around substrate concentrations. One can test the amount of substrate it would take to saturate the active site on the enzyme, and proceed to evaluate how much more of the enzyme concentration is needed to unsaturate and dissociate the substrates from the active site of the enzyme. Another experiment that could be performed is Affects on Various Enzymes. Instead of just observing the affects of change of pH, temperature, concentrations, and inhibitors on Catalase it can be tested on other enzymes. For example Cellulase, Lactase, and Pepsin.

Face Recognition Study: Inverted V Upright Faces. Essay

Face recognition study: Inverted V Upright faces. Introduction: Face recognition is a difficult visual representation task in large part because it requires differentiating among objects which vary only subtly from each other. This particular face recognition study was expected to suggest that people recognise inverted faces less accurately than upright faces. The study involved sixty different faces observed on a computer screen by a sample of first-year university students. Hypothesis: The hypothesis for this study stated that it is expected that people recognise inverted faces less accurately than upright faces. The null hypothesis stated that there would be no difference in the amount of faces recognised regardless of whether they were upright or inverted and that if there was to be any difference that it would be down to chance. Method: Participants: The sample used consisted of 15 first-year psychology students of mixed ages. Gender or race held no significance for this study. The psychology students used participated in the experiment in there seminar groups at allocated times throughout a timetabled week. Materials: The materials used for this study consisted of the e-pro computer programme which was used in order to display the faces required for the experiment. Furthermore, the results of the study were interpreted using the SPSS computer software. Procedure: For the first part of the experiment, sixty faces, thirty of which were upright and thirty of which were inverted were displayed on a computer creen for two seconds per face. After each participant had viewed the full sixty faces, a distracter task was then issued to them in order to remove any short-term memory effects on facial recognition. The distracter task consisted of a series of personal questions and lasted for roughly five minutes. Upon completion of the distracter task, the second part of the experiment took place. During the second phase of the experiment, sixty of the previous faces w ere shown alongside a set of sixty new faces. Participants were asked to say whether or not they recognised the faces from the earlier stage of the task. Results: The mean number of recognised inverted faces was 0. 67 with a standard deviation of 0. 07. The mean number of recognised upright faces was 0. 74 with a standard deviation of 0. 05 ? Figure 1 shows the mean value for facial recognition of upright faces to be significantly higher than that of inverted faces: t(14) = 3. 55, p= 0. 03 Figure 1: Mean values of facial recognition for inverted and upright faces. Discussion: The results recorded from this study suggest that our hypothesis that people recognise inverted faces less accurately than upright faces may be correct. However, to be more certain that our hypothesis is accurate, it should be ensured that the experiment is repeated and that in this instance is counter-balanced across the whole sample of first-year psychology students collectively and not just within their seminar groups.

Movie Review: Singin’ in the Rain

Movies such as Chicago, Moulin Rouge, and Singin’ in the Rain are part of a file genre that places emphasis on music, dance, and song.   This genre is known as the Musical.   The power of the songs in Musicals explains why many people who have not seen the movie are still familiar with its title song â€Å"Singin’ in the Rain.†Ã‚   Aside from the memorable scores and lyrics, Musicals showcase the singing and dancing skills of their stars.   The critical and commercial success or failure of a Musical hinges not only on the storyline, as is the case with films of other genres, but the talents of the actors who bring the movie’s songs and dances to life. Singin’ in the Rain contains a number of elements that make it stand out from other American Musicals such as Chicago and Moulin Rouge.   The atmosphere of Singin’ in the Rain is light and happy which is accomplished by the character’s brightly colored clothing and the inclusion of relatively few night scenes.   This is not the case in either Chicago or Moulin Rouge, both of which have darker elements within them.   Because the theme of Singin’ in the Rain is more playful than the serious theme depicted in Chicago, there is a greater degree of entertainment in Singin’ in the Rain.   This movie was designed to be viewed by an audience seeking pure entertainment—an audience that need only sit back, relax, and enjoy the film from beginning to end. Many modern musical productions are far more costly than was Singin’ in the Rain; however, even with the discrepancy in production costs, several clever and memorable musical numbers from Singin’ in the Rain remain popular today. Because scripting and storyline are superseded in Musicals by choreography and score, the scenes most often remembered in a Musical are specific numbers contained within the film.   One of my favorites from Singin’ in the Rain is Cosmo Brown’s (Donald O’Connor) performance of â€Å"Make ‘em Laugh.†Ã‚   The song’s lyrics and the number itself reveal that Cosmo is Don Lockwood’s (Gene Kelly) sidekick.   It’s clear that Cosmo’s job is to keep Lockwood laughing and to prevent him from concern over anything bad. Cosmo’s enthusiastic performance in this number is easily the most comedic of the film.   Singin’ in the Rain is filled with mise-en-scà ¨nes, and Cosmo’s â€Å"Make ‘em Laugh† number uses mise-en-scà ¨ne to its fullest.   Every bit of setting, including the props and the people in this number are used by Cosmo as show instruments. Given the movie’s title, it isn’t surprising that the most famous number is Gene Kelly’s (as Don Lockwood) performance of the song â€Å"Singin’ in the Rain.†Ã‚   Narrative Convention dictates that rain signify sorrow or loneliness much as tense music in a horror movie signifies danger; however, the gloom one might expect to infiltrate Kelly’s performance simply does not do so.   Instead, this beautifully choreographed athletic dance and song number stands as Lockwood’s proclamation that he has succeeded in his career and in his heart.   Each step Gene Kelly performs is deliberate—each movement designed to thrill the audience the way Kelly’s Lockwood is himself thrilled by his fantastic fortune. The use of mise-en-scà ¨ne in the number â€Å"Singin’ in the Rain† does not detract from Kelly’s performance: it augments it.   His wearing a felt hat allows his facial features to be seen without the rain’s moisture obscuring his emotions.   The umbrella he carries adds a gentleman-like quality to his movements.   The street on which he dances remains basically deserted and is perfectly illuminated by the well-placed snug lights.   Personally, I think it is the most enjoyable rainy scene I have ever viewed in a movie. My only critical comments are centered on a portion of the film’s latter half during which time Lockwood, Cosmo, and R. F. Simpson (Millard Mitchell) are planning to make the musical film Dancing Cavalier.   This is followed by the surreal performance â€Å"Broadway Melody† which I found unnecessary.   The woman in this scene seemed to have come from nowhere, did not have a clearly defined relationship with Lockwood or Kathy Selden (Debbie Reynolds), but the odd emotion that was present in the number might be representative of American ideals. Singin’ in the Rain falls within the expected boundaries of the Musical.   The ending is predictable (but not unsatisfyingly so) and relatively little tension exists: the lovers meet serendipitously, and there is really no threat to their relationship. Singin’ in the Rain is from the 1950’s, and because of this, some younger people might not find the movie’s content satisfying; however, anyone, regardless of age, who can appreciate the outstanding singing and dancing performances of the movie’s characters will come away from the film satisfied.   In addition, part of this film’s content reveals the early development of movies from the silent era forward, and much of this is not only interesting but humorous as well. I admit to having been initially skeptical about enjoying this movie due to its age, but I found myself entertained throughout the entire film, and honestly, I can say that Singin’ in the Rain is the best Musical I have ever seen. Reference Freed, A.   (Producer), & Donen, S. & Kelly G. (Directors).   (1952).   Singin’ in the rain.   [Motion picture].   United States: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.